The 50 Most Common Irish Surnames

Ireland was one of the first countries to adopt hereditary surnames. Many of these names were devised during the reign of Brian Boru, the High King of Ireland who fell defending Ireland from the Vikings at the Battle of Clontarf in 1014 AD. 50 Common Irish Surnames Many of these early Irish surnames began as patronyms to identify a son separately from his father or a grandson from his grandfather. This is why it is very common to see prefixes attached to Irish surnames. Mac, sometimes written Mc, is the Gaelic word for son and was attached to the fathers name or trade. O is a word all by itself, signifying grandson when attached to a grandfathers name or trade. The apostrophe that usually follows the O actually comes from a misunderstanding by English-speaking clerks in Elizabethan time, who interpreted it as a form of the word of. Another common Irish prefix, Fitz, derives from the French word fils, also meaning son. Brennan This Irish family was very widespread, settling in Fermanagh, Galway, Kerry, Kilkenny, and Westmeath. The Brennan surname in Ireland is now mostly found in County Sligo and the province of Leinster. Brown or Browne Common in both England and Ireland, the Irish Brown families are most commonly found in the province of Connacht (specifically Galway and Mayo), as well as Kerry. Boyle The O Boyles were chieftains in Donegal, ruling west Ulster with the O Donnells and the O Doughertys. Boyle descendants can also be found in Kildare and Offaly. Burke The Norman last name Burke originated from the borough of Caen in Normandy (de burg means of the borough). The Burkes have been in Ireland since the 12th century, settling mainly in the province of Connacht. Byrne The O Byrne (Ó Broin) family originally came from Kildare, until the Anglo-Normans arrived and they were driven south to the Wicklow mountains. The Byrne surname is still very common in Wicklow, as well as Dublin and Louth. Callaghan The Callaghans were a powerful family in the province of Munster. Individuals with the Irish surname Callaghan (also spelled Callahan) are most numerous in Clare and Cork. Campbell Campbell families are very prevalent in Donegal (most are descended from Scottish mercenary soldiers), as well as in Cavan. Campbell is a descriptive surname meaning crooked mouth. Carroll The Carroll surname  (and variants such as OCarroll) can be found throughout Ireland, including Armagh, Down, Fermanagh, Kerry, Kilkenny, Leitrim, Louth, Monaghan, and Offaly. There is also a MacCarroll family (anglicized to MacCarvill) from the province of Ulster. Clarke One of the oldest surnames in Ireland, the O Clery surname (anglicized to Clarke) is most prevalent in Cavan. Collins The common Irish surname Collins originated in Limerick, though after the Norman invasion they fled to Cork. There are also Collin families from the province of Ulster, most of whom were probably English. Connell Three distinct O Connell clans, located in the provinces of Connacht, Ulster, and Munster, are the originators of many of the Connell families in Clare, Galway, Kerry. Connolly Originally an Irish clan from Galway, the Connolly families settled in Cork, Meath, and Monaghan. Connor In Irish Ó Conchobhair or Ó Conchà ºir, the Connor last name means hero or champion. The O Connor family was one of three royal Irish families; they are from Clare, Derry, Galway, Kerry, Offaly, Roscommon, Sligo and the province of Ulster. Daly The Irish Ó Dà ¡laigh comes from dà ¡il, meaning a place of assembly. Individuals with the Daly surname hail primarily from Clare, Cork, Galway, and Westmeath. Doherty The name in Irish (Ó Dochartaigh) means obstructive or hurtful. In the 4th century, the Dohertys settled around the Inishowen peninsula in Donegal, where theyve primarily stayed. The Doherty surname is the most common in Derry. Also spelled Dougherty and Daugherty. Doyle The Doyle last name comes from dubh ghall, the dark foreigner, and is thought to be Norse in origin. In the province of Ulster, they were known as Mac Dubghaill (MacDowell and MacDuggall). The greatest concentration of Doyles is in Leinster, Roscommon, Wexford, and Wicklow. Duffy Ó Dubhthaigh, anglicized to Duffy, comes from an Irish name meaning black or swarthy. Their original homeland was Monaghan, where their surname is still the most common. They are also from Donegal and Roscommon. Dunne From the Irish for brown (donn), the original Irish name Ó Duinn has by now lost the O prefix. In the province of Ulster, the final e is omitted. Dunne is the most common surname in Laois, where the family originated. Also occasionally spelled Donne. Farrell The O Farrell chieftains were lords of Annaly near Longford and Westmeath. Farrell is a surname generally meaning valiant warrior. Fitzgerald A Norman family who came to Ireland in 1170, the Fitzgeralds (spelled Mac Gearailt in parts of Ireland) claimed vast holdings in Cork, Kerry, Kildare, and Limerick. The surname Fitzgerald translates directly as son of Gerald. Flynn The Irish surname Ó Floinn is prevalent in the province of Ulster. However, the F is no longer pronounced and the name is now Loinn or Lynn. The Flynn surname can also be found in Clare, Cork, Kerry, and Roscommon. Gallagher The Gallagher clan has been in County Donegal since the 4th century and Gallagher  is the most common surname in this area. Healy The Healy surname is most commonly found in Cork and Sligo. Hughes The Hughes surname, both Welsh and Irish in origin, is most numerous in three provinces Connacht, Leinster, and Ulster. Johnston Johnston is the most common name in the Irish province of Ulster. Kelly Kelly families of Irish origin come primarily from Derry, Galway, Kildare, Leitrim, Leix, Meath, Offaly, Roscommon, and Wicklow. Kennedy The Kennedy surname, both Irish and Scottish in origin, hails from Clare, Kilkenny, Tipperary, and Wexford. Lynch The Lynch families (Ó Loingsigh in Irish) were originally settled in Clare, Donegal, Limerick, Sligo, and Westmeath, where the Lynch surname is most common. MacCarthy The MacCarthy surname originated primarily from Cork, Kerry, and Tipperary. Also spelled McCarthy. Maguire The Maguire surname is the most common in Fermanagh. Also spelled McGuire. Mahony Munster was the territory of the Mahoney clan, with Mahonys (or Mahoneys) being most numerous in Cork. Martin The Martin surname, common in both England and Ireland, can be found primarily in Galway, Tyrone, and Westmeath. Moore The ancient Irish Moores settled in Kildare, while most Moores are from Antrim and Dublin. Murphy The most common of all Irish names, the Murphy surname can be found in all four provinces. Murphys are primarily from Antrim, Armagh, Carlow, Cork, Kerry, Roscommon, Sligo, Tyrone, and Wexford, however. Murray The Murray surname is especially prolific in Donegal. Nolan Nolan families have always been very numerous in Carlow, and can also be found in Fermanagh, Longford, Mayo, and Roscommon. OBrien One of Irelands leading aristocratic families, the O Briens are primarily from Clare, Limerick, Tipperary, and Waterford. ODonnell The O Donnell clans originally settled in Clare and Galway, but today they are most numerous in County Donegal. Sometimes modified to ODonnelly. ONeill One of three royal Irish families, the O Neills are from Antrim, Armagh, Carlow, Clare, Cork, Down, Tipperary, Tyrone, and Waterford. Quinn From Ceann, the Irish word for head, the name Ó Cuinn means intelligent. In general, Catholics spell the name with two ns, while Protestants spell it with one. The Quinns are primarily from Antrim, Clare, Longford, and Tyrone, where their surname is the most common. Reilly Descendants of the O Conor kings of Connacht, the Reillys are primarily from Cavan, Cork, Longford, and Meath. Ryan The Ó Riain and Ryan families of Ireland are primarily from Carlow and Tipperary, where Ryan is the most common surname. They can also be found in Limerick. Shea Originally the Shea family was from Kerry, though they later branched out to Tipperary during the 12th century and Kilkenny by the 15th century. Sometimes modified to Shay. Smith The Smiths, both English and Irish, are primarily from Antrim, Cavan, Donegal, Leitrim, and Sligo. Smith is actually the most common surname in Antrim. Sullivan Originally settled in County Tipperary, the Sullivan family spread into Kerry and Cork, where they are now most numerous and their surname is the most common. Sweeney Sweeney families are found primarily in Cork, Donegal, and Kerry. Thompson This English name is the second most common non-Irish name found in Ireland, especially in Ulster. The Thomson surname, without the p, is Scottish. Thomson is most common in Down. Walsh The name came into use to describe the Welsh people who came to Ireland during the Anglo-Norman invasions. Walsh families were very numerous throughout all four provinces of Ireland. Walsh is the most common surname in Mayo. White Spelled de Faoite or Mac Faoitigh in Ireland, this common name stems mainly from the le Whytes who came to Ireland with the Anglo-Normans. White families can be found in Ireland throughout Down, Limerick, Sligo, and Wexford.

A Comparison of Moral Conflict in Antigone and A Dolls...

Conflict Between Individual Morals and State Laws in Antigone and A Dolls House Mother, should I trust the government? Or should I trust myself? This dilemma is a common one in a great deal of literature. In Antigone and A Doll’s House, the main theme is the question of whether one should be true to oneself or true to one’s state or society. Should Nora (in A Doll’s House) and Antigone (in Antigone) â€Å"follow the rules† and do what the state and society want them to do or should they follow their own consciences? Both plays address the conflict between individual morals and state laws, obedience and disobedience, and understanding oneself. Antigone shows the contrast between state law and†¦show more content†¦For the state and state laws to exist there have to be the people too. The state depends on the people and not just the ruler. Haemon: A one-man state? What sort of a state is that? Creon: Why, does not every state belong to its ruler? Haemon: Youd be an excellent king - on a desert island (Sophocles page #). Haemon questions whether Creons judgements are correct or not (above). For Antigone the divine law is what should be used instead of the state law, which is defined only by what the king wants. Therefore should Haemon and Antigone oppose the state law? The king makes up the main part of the state, and decides whether the laws he makes are fair, and do not object to these laws otherwise he wouldnt be king. Some may think that it is wrong that people should oppose the states laws, and should just follow them, but then they will never get to have their own beliefs and never have a better understanding of themselves in the end. In Antigone there is the state and its laws, but in A Dolls House we see more of the society, and the laws it enforces on the individual. The societys rules prevent the characters from seeing and expressing their true nature. When Krogstad tells Nora that the law takes no account of good motives, she cries, Then they must be very bad laws (Ibsen page #). This causes a problem for the main female characters, in deciding ifShow MoreRelatedA Doll House by Henrik Ibsen7379 Words   |  30 PagesMa. Jennifer S. Yap Dr. Sherwin Perlas World Literature January 14, 2012 A Doll House by Henrik Ibsen Translated by Rolf Fjelde I. Introduction During the late nineteenth century, women were enslaved in their gender roles and certain restrictions were enforced on them by a male dominant culture. Every woman was raised believing that they had neither self-control nor self-government but that they must yield to the control of a stronger gender. John Stuart Mill wrote in his essay, â€Å"The SubjectionRead MoreEssay Prompts4057 Words   |  17 Pageson the Floss The Awakening Moby-Dick Billy Budd Mrs. Dalloway Bleak House Native Son Bless Me,Ultima One Hundred Years of Solitude Catch-22 Othello Crime and Punishment The Scarlet Letter The Crucible Slaughterhouse-Five A Farewell to Arms Song of Solomon Ghosts The Stone Angel The Great Gatsby The Stranger Heart of Darkness A Tale of Two Cities The House of Mirth Their Eyes Were Watching God Jude the Obscure 2003 (Form A): According

Understanding Creative Capitalism And The Free Market

Module 5 Understanding Creative Capitalism According to http://financial-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Free-market+capitalism, free market capitalism is a system of economics that minimizes government intervention and maximizes the role of the market. According to the theory of the free market, rational economic actors acting in their own self-interest deal with information and price goods and services the most efficiently. Government regulations, trade barriers, and labor laws are generally thought to distort the market. Proponents of the free market argue that it provides the most opportunities for both consumers and producers by creating more jobs and allowing competition to decide what businesses are successful. Critics maintain that an unfettered free market concentrates wealth in the hands of a few, which is unsustainable in the long term. In practice, no country or jurisdiction has a completely free market. ((n.d). 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Conflict, Conflict And Power Issues On Organizational Life...

Dealing with conflict is an inevitable factor in organizational life and the practice of social work. According to Northouse (2015), conflict is unavoidable in organizations and groups â€Å"during adaptive challenges and presents an opportunity for people to learn and grow (pp. 268). Sources of conflict include goals, means, values, temporal perspectives (e.g., time frames), role pressures, status discrepancies, and personality. However, conflict is usually due to contextual events so, personality differences should be considered last. Conflict management refers to the leader’s responsibility to handle different sources of conflict effectively. Leaders must intervene in interpersonal areas such as managing conflict and power issues in order to improve relationships. This can be done by â€Å"fighting or avoiding confrontation, questioning ideas, and avoiding groupthink† (Northouse, 2015, pp.378) There are five styles of dealing with conflict, which come from the Thomas Kilmann Model. 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Impact of Global Financial Crisis Free Essays

The effect of the global financial crisis on Australia has been considerably less, compared to the other affected countries. The Australian economy has revealed better outcomes than most other developed economies, which experienced recessions and rises in unemployment. Also the Australia banks have managed to be profitable without requiring any capital injection from the Government. We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of Global Financial Crisis or any similar topic only for you Order Now The noticeable collision of the financial crisis on most Australian households was the large decline in equity prices, â€Å"which reduced the wealth of Australian households by nearly 10% by March 2009. However, since the trough In equity markets In March 2009, the local market had recovered half of Its decline by the end of November 2009. † The Australian dollar also depreciated rapidly and sizeably as the crisis intensified, declining by over 30 per cent from its July 2008 peak. Around the time of the Lehman ankruptcy, conditions in the foreign exchange market were particularly illiquid, prompting the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) to Intervene In the market to enhance liquidity. Since March 2009, as fears abated, the Australian dollar largely recovered, reflecting the relative strength of the Australian economy. The credit and money markets in Australia have also proven to be more resilient than in many other countries, necessitating considerably less intervention by the RBA than occurred in many other countries. In large part this reflected the health of the Australian banking system. The Australian banks had almost no holdings of the â€Å"toxic† securities that severely affected other global banks. The health of the Australian banking system facilitated the effectiveness of the monetary and fiscal response, particularly by allowing much of the large easing in monetary policy to be passed through to interest rates on loans to households and businesses, in stark contrast to the outcome in other developed economies. How to cite Impact of Global Financial Crisis, Papers

Halides Ltd Issues Raised by the Board of Directors

Questions: Issue 1: When finalising the financial statements for the year ended 30 June 2014 two significant errors were made and there is debate as to whether we should simply adjust the financial statements in the current year or change last years financial statements as well. The IT system of the company was installed 3 years ago at a cost of approximately $3.5 million and was estimated to last 10 years. However the latest technology advancements indicate that this was a very optimistic estimate and that the maximum life span of this equipment will probably be not more than 6 years in total with little or no residual value. It was also discovered in August 2014 that a machine worth $2.2 million purchased in January 2014 was erroneously written off to repairs and maintenance instead of being capitalised. Deberella the marketing director thinks we should just adjust this years figures to account for these problems but Peter indicated that it was slightly more complicated than that. Could you please giv e us some advice on this? Issue 2: A number of employees who work on our strategic management team have been with us for a number of years - at least 12 of them have been with us since the company commenced operations in 2006. In accordance with the Employee Bargaining Agreement (EBA) all employees are entitled to long service leave of 13 weeks if they remain in service for 10 years. They are also entitled to pro rata long service leave after 6 years of service. Our usual practice is to show the long service leave expense in the income statement when the employee actually takes leave and is paid. Of course we maintain a memorandum record of the number of days each employee is entitled to. Peter has indicated to us that he thinks we should consider treating this expense in a different manner, which seems complicated. The directors are wondering why we should complicate a very simple way of calculating long service leave why not stick with recognising the expense when we pay for it? What do you think we should do and w hy? Issue 3: Peter, the new financial controller, has also informed the board that the company will need to present a statement of cash flows with the financial statements in addition to those statements already being presented, which really attracted a lot of attention. Some of the directors thought it was a waste of time to present this statement as it was merely a summarised cash book. Others were of the opinion that it could be useful but didnt quite know how they would use it. The structure of the statement of cash flows also came into question with one of the directors suggesting that we merely needed to get a printout of the cash account and attach it. Another said that we couldnt just do that as we needed to show operating, instigating and financing cash flows in the statement. Could you please clarify this matter for us? Answers: Handy Halides Managing Director,Halides LtdSuite 55123, Level 42, Arcade Building16 256 Giles StreetDocklands Victoria 3008 Dear Mr. Handy Halides I really appreciate your concern mentioned in your email dated 15th December 2014 and would be delighted to assist you in resolving the issues that have been raised by the board of directors of the company. The response to the issues along with the reference to AASBs, Corporations Act, reference books, journal articles, and/or websites clearly mentioned in the discussion for each of the issue. I have tried to bring down the key points related to the accounting standards related to each of the issue so that the brief understanding with respect to the issues that have been mentioned is developed. Issue 1 The first issue that is being faced has two parts. These are Change in the estimated life of the assets Prior period errors related to treatment of cost associated with machine The treatment is different for both the cases. However both these cases are covered under accounting standard AASB 108, Accounting Policies, changes in accounting estimates and Errors. According to paragraph 32-40 of AASB 108, if the change in the accounting estimate results in change in assets, liabilities or the equity, these changes must be recognized by making adjustments for the carrying amount of that asset, liability or equity in the period of change. Further the net effect is recognized prospectively by considering it as profit or loss. This profit or loss is considered either in the period of change or change in every period in future where the impact will be there. In this case as a result of change in the life of the asset the depreciation will be higher. Since earlier lower depreciation has been considered additional depreciation amount will be considered as loss in the current period. Further the impact on the profitability in future has to be estimated and mentioned in the current year financial statement. No adjustments or change in last years financial statements has to be done. It is important to note that disclosure will have to be made for this with the complete details of the change in the accounting estimate and the impact it is having on the profitability in the current period. Further the expected on the profitability in future periods has to be disclosed. The treatment for prior period errors is mentioned in paragraph 41-49 of AASB 108. According to this aspect of the AASB 108, material prior period errors are to be corrected retrospectively in the first financial report by restating the comparative amounts for the prior periods presented in which error occurred or restatement of the opening balance of the asset, equity or the liability for the earliest prior period presented in case the error occurred before the earliest prior period. In the present case error occurred in the prior period the restatement of the comparative amounts in the prior period will have to be done. Further since this is the material error, it must be corrected by retrospective restatement. The disclosures that have to be made in this respect includes the nature of the error, effect on the line item affected and the impact on the earnings per share, the amount of correction and the circumstances if the restatement is impracticable. All this is being done considering that both the cases are quite practical or adjustment/ restatement can be done. Issue 2 It has been mentioned that the issue is related to treatment of long service leave in the financial statement. Currently the long service leave expense is shown in the income statement when the employee actually takes leave and is paid. This is related to the accounting standard AASB 119 Employee Benefits. The treatment of long-service benefits is included in paragraph 153 of AASB 119. According to this paragraph, the long-service benefits are considered under Other Long-Term Employee Benefits. The recognition and measurement of other long term employee benefits is included paragraph 156 of the accounting standard. The measurement of the other long term employee benefits is the net loss/ profit of service cost, net interest on net defined benefit liability (asset) and remeasurements of the net defined benefit liability (asset). The basis of measurement of the service cost is mentioned in the paragraph 66-112, net interest on net defined benefit liability (asset) is mentioned in para 123-126 and remeasurements of the net defined benefit liability is mentioned in para 127-130. Based on the suitable associated paragraph the value is measured and considered as profit or loss for the company. Issue 3 The issue regarding the presentation of the cash flow statement by the company is included in the accounting standard AASB 107. However in order to provide a direction to this issue three separate accounting standards will have to be referred. These are Corporations Act AASB 101: Preparation of financial statements AASB 107: Cash Flow Statements Statement of Accounting Concepts SAC1 The accounting standard AASB 107 applies to all companies that must prepare financial statements according to Corporations Act AASB 101. According to AASB 101 the preparation of the financial statements is to be done by the reporting entities. The definition of reporting entity is given in paragraph 2M.3 of the Corporations Act. The Corporations Act mentions that reporting entity has the following characteristics Separation of management and ownership Economic or Political importance Size and indebtedness of the entity Considering these conditions Halides Ltd is having independent board. This ensures that the company is having separate management and ownership. Further since it is being listed on ASX separate management and board has to be ensured. This is to say that any company which is being listed on ASX will have separate management and ownership. Since Halides Ltd is a reporting entity it will prepare the financial report as per AASB 101 which provides the set of financial statements that have to be prepared. These are Statement of financial position Statement of Profit or loss and other comprehensive income Statement of change in equity Statement of cash flows Considering this cash flow statement has to be prepared. The structure, the type of information and other aspects that have to be included in the cash flow statement are mentioned in the accounting standard AASB 107. In this case it is mandatory, however, it will be beneficial for companies to prepare the cash flow statement as it provides an insight into the future cash requirements and the source level of cash that will be generated and required. Apart from the issues it has been observed that the belief is that the financial statements are to be prepared in the same way as it was prepared last year that is for the year ended at 30 June 2014. Certainly there arent much changes to it but certainly the modifications have been made to certain accounting standards which might affect the way the financial statements are prepared. I hope the above discussion on the issues do provide the clarity and suitable action may be taken at your end. You are kindly requested to please contact me again in case you still have any doubt or concern related to the issues that have been discussed above or any other issue. Cc: Peter Johns, Financial Controller, Halides Ltd Thanks With Best Wishes Regards John Jameson

Fedex Corp. vs United Parcel Service, Inc Case Study Essay Example For Students

Fedex Corp. vs United Parcel Service, Inc Case Study Essay I. Executive Summary In this report we focus on the two main competitors in the package delivery industry: Federal Express Corporation (FedEx) and United Parcel Service of America, Inc. Studying FedEx, UPS and their competitive relationship in the decade from mid 80s to mid 90s gives a good insight for the companies and industrys future. The two companies have different strategic goals and are operating in the same industry but in different main markets: FedEx is working on producing outstanding financial returns and focuses on the overnight air market while UPS is looking for earning reasonable profit and its core business is the two-day ground delivery. However, by 1981, the two companies started to have a strong sense of rivalry with each other and up until 1995 the race seemed to be one of how quickly each competitor could transform itself into the other. It was then when the largest distribution contract ever awarded was given to UPS. The effects on FedEx were strong. This paper is an examination of FedExs and UPSs financial performance from an investors point of view and their managerial performance considering their strategic goals in the mid 80s. We also, take an overview of the rivalry between the two companies and we put our earlier findings in this competitive framework in order to determine whether FedEx or UPS achieved Excellence in business. Our analysis concludes that between the two companies, UPS can be considered as excellent both for its good performance in the decade and for its good perspectives for the future. II. FedEx vs. UPS: The Battle for Value II. 1 The Effects of J. C. Penneys Announcement on FedEx from an Investors Point of View The decision of J. C. Penney to award the $ 1 billion 5 year contract to UPS was clearly the best choice for the company. In 1992, when J. C. Penney went into business, UPS was operating more efficiently and more profitably than FedEx. After J. C. Pennys announcement in 1995, FedExs stock price declined by 2. 33%. The reason for the fall is the investors non-trust in FedEx strength. Whereas it gave UPS secure earnings for 5 years as well as reviled a new image of reliability and stability. Therefore, UPSs reputation increased among the investors, possible future clients and partners while FedExs reputation and customers trust for high future gains declined. Moreover, as the 75% of FedExs common shares were held by institutional investors, it was expected that they would follow discouraging news for earnings decrease that analysts gave for Federal Express in 1995. The stock became less attractive and so the price fell. In addition to that, prior to the announcement, FedEx has undergone few noticeable losses, which de-motivated FedExs investors. Although volume growth remained strong, the declined domestic earnings and the concerns mentioned about the companys financial health discouraged investments. One can say that another reason to FedExs price decline is that the employees and officers of FedEx decided to sell their 10% owned shares when the revenues went down. However, if we consider that FedExs employees were strongly committed to their company, this seems the least possible scenario. II. 2 FEDEX vs. UPS: Business Strategies and Success Factors A- Federal Express We will produce outstanding financial returns by providing totally reliable, competitively superior global-air ground transportation of high priority goods and documents that require rapid, time-certain delivery. (Mission Statement) Referring to the mission as well as a number of FedEx actions such as heavy investments in Information Technologies, and the entrance to international markets through rapid acquisitions in Europe, Asia and Middle-East, one would realize that FedEx is after outstanding revenues through being a pioneer in new markets and technologies. Enabling Factors supporting this statement were clear in FedEx heavy investments in IT solutions as it presented COSMOS and Powership 3 for better package control resulting in an improved quality. In addition to that, FedEx came up with new services such as Saturday deliveries, delivery by 10:30 A. M. , customer interfaces (drop boxes, drive through stations and express delivery stores) and same day pickup of order. This is to distinguish its services. More on that, FedExs philosophy of People-Service-Profit was successful in insuring a union free workforce devoted to customer focus. Salem Witch Trials and New York City EssayUPS proves to be a conservative company with low debt levels. Despite its tight cash/current liabilities ratio, its cash/debt ratio shows a comfortable 1. 43 times coverage (in 1994) showing a good position in covering the most crucial obligations. In terms of Profit and Growth, UPS has high returns with very good profit margins and experienced a predictable annual growth. FedExs profitability ratios are highly fluctuated with a declining trend while saw a good compound annual growth for both its sales and net income. All of the figures are presented in exhibit 2 in the appendix. Economic value added (EVA) is a measurement that focuses on managerial effectiveness in a given year. Therefore it measures the extent to which the firm has increased shareholder value. A firm adds value when it has a positive EVA. FedExs EVA has indicated that the firm is not adding value to its shareholders as it was -1. 361 billion in 1994. During this period, its EVA has dropped dramatically whereas UPS has proved the opposite. UPSs EVA has increased by 1. 616 billion from year 1985 to 1994. This explains the excellent performance that UPS has achieved throughout the years and how successful it was in adding value to its shareholders. Market value added (MVA) is the difference between market value of a firms stock and the amount of equity capital that was supplied by investors. Shareholders wealth is maximized by maximizing this difference. FedExs MVA decreased by 0. 641 billion during the period of 1985-1994 while UPSs MVA increased by 5. 434 billion. II. 4 Business Excellence: Who Finally Achieved It? As proved in many research papers the excellence of organisations can not be attributed to a common set of actions performed by excellent firms. This implies that there is no one magic solution to the challenges of all organisations. However, there seems to be a set of fundamental concepts that many organisations that achieved Excellence in the fields held to be true and committed themselves to be guided by. Customer Focus, Results Orientation, People Development and Involvement, Continuous Learning and Innovation are some of the concepts that help organisations perform better than the rest. The conventional wisdom is that if a firm were operationally excellent, strong financial performance would follow. FedEx has an excellent advantage over UPS: its dedicated employees and its satisfied customers. Employee participation gave FedEx the reputation as a great place to work while UPS suffered from several labor strikes. Also, FedExs customer focused philosophy worked perfectly in real while UPS occasionally experienced lower customer satisfaction. Regarding the companies financial performance, our analysis shows that UPS has a better financial standing in terms of market performance, ratio analysis, value creation and increasing returns and assets. UPSs seems to perform its investing activities according to its statement for a reasonable profit while providing long term competitive returns to shareholders. FedEx on the other hand expanded its business in its quest for outstanding financial returns thus increasing risk and thereby suffering the financial consequences. As UPS achieved a better financial performance and started reengineering its efforts in order to remain competitive in the future, we can say that, for the particular time period, achieved business excellence. III. Appendix FEDEX and UPS Background FedEx and UPS operate in package delivery industry. FEDEX started in the 1970s by Fred Smith and some investors. It applied an innovative approach of hub-and-spoke distribution pattern to provide cheaper and faster service to more locations than competitors. It started gaining revenue in 1981. FEDEX positioned it self as the pioneer in overnight package delivery, quality, and advance IT technologies. Competition by Emery, USPS, and UPS did catch-up. FEDEX therefore attempted price reduction, and expansion to others parts of the world through acquisitions and airport hubs establishment. Some of which have negatively affected FEDEX financial state. UPS is a manager owned firm founded in 1907. It became the largest transportation company in America and owned 80-90 percent market share of domestic small package delivery market. It was foreseen as industry low cost provider yet slow and a market follower. It attempted extensive restructuring and spent around 1. 4 billion $ by 1992 in Information

Manhattan Project free essay sample

The Manhattan Project The Manhattan Project This operation began in 1942 and its sole mission was to create a weapon so powerful it could wipe out cities in an instant. The Manhattan Project was created by the U. S. military in fear of such power being first discovered by the Nazis, their enemy. The base site was stationed in Manhattan, New York but eventually branched out across the country. The head directors of this project were U. S. physicist Robert Oppenheimer, scientific director, and General Leslie R. Groves, military head of the project; they had recruited many of the best mathematicians and engineers within the nation. A number of European scientists participated in this project as well, such as Albert Einstein and Leo Szilard. A few years of non-stop testing and experimenting in the science of splitting atoms and creating atomic energy the scientists had finally made it work. Once their Trinity test proved successful the U. We will write a custom essay sample on Manhattan Project or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page S. began developing more atomic bombs to be used on Japan. This project was top secret but infiltrations of Soviet atomic spies still happened and they were able to leak vital information to the axis powers. The Fat Man and the Little Boy were dropped and Japan surrendered. This controversial decision closed the gap and hastened the ending of the war. The bombs had to be dropped! Japan wouldnt have surrendered and Germany would have eventually developed their own atomic bombs. It would have taken a lot of time, effort and money to do it more peacefully. The Manhattan Project won the war for the Allies and saved the world from a potential dictatorship. The discovery of nuclear fission in 1939 opened up the scientific world to the possibility of atomic energy. Thoughts on atomic energy were released to the public through newspapers and magazines however many scientists didnt believe it could be done. Leo Szilard, a highly intelligent physicist and close friend of Einstein, a genius in mathematics and physics, was shocked at how the U. S. wasnt taking any action in this field of research. He had gotten word that the Nazis discovered nuclear fission and were trying to build a terrifying weapon from it. Szilard wanted to do something about it. He wanted to send a letter to Franklin D. Roosevelt explaining the potential discovery of an atomic bomb and how the U. S. should invest in a program to further the research and development. This letter was constructed by Albert Einstein on the 2nd of August 1939 which explained the importance of atomic research with uranium and how the U. S. needs to implement it into its scientific community. He also stated that Germany had been shutting down uranium mines in Czechoslovakia and were being taken over. â€Å"I understand that Germany has actually stopped the sale of uranium from the Czechoslovakian mines which one has taken over. †(dannen). The letter did not have much effect and didn’t reach the president until October 11th of that year. The president created a â€Å"Uranium Committee† however it only put forward $6,000 to purchase graphite and uranium for the necessary experiments. The country still was skeptic of the project up until 1941 approximately one day before the tragedy at Pearl Harbor. The project was formally named â€Å"The Manhattan Project† a year later in August of 1942. This was the largest secret ever kept from the public in U. S. government history. The Manhattan Project consisted of over 30 different sites across the country. It also employed many thousands of Americans to work in all of the sites. This helped the people with helpful skills to get pay and to help out their country. Most of the workers however never really knew what the purpose was for what they were doing. The most prominent of them were Hanford, Washington, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Los Alamos, New Mexico. Oak Ridge was one of the three secret cities chosen by General Leslie Groves. The area only had 60,000 acres of farmland right near the Appalachian Mountains and was completely evacuated of all citizens. It was then developed into a site where their main goal was to produce an atomic bomb. The men and women from the area, back then known as Clinton Engineering Works, helped out by providing materials for the construction of the bomb. In the facilities they created enriched uranium which was not very easy to make. This substance would eventually be put into the â€Å"Little boy† atomic bomb that would be dropped on Hiroshima. Hanford was another one of the three secret cities used in the production of nuclear bombs. It was established in 1943 and housed the first B Reactor ever made. The B Reactor is a plutonium production reactor which produced plutonium to be put inside of the bombs. The plutonium from Hanford was used inside the test bomb at the Trinity site as well as the Fat Man which was used on Nagasaki. This area was strictly for production of plutonium which made the land very uninhabitable. The town of Hanford did not have many people living in it; the closest habitable town near the site was no less than twenty miles away. Los Alamos is the final one of the three secret cities the Manhattan Project chose, this area was for testing nuclear explosives. Los Alamos was a small town in New Mexico and the scientists selected for the completing and testing of the bombs all thought it was a good area. They all decided that the Ranch School Buildings would suffice in housing for the duration of the project. Many different scientists from all fields came together at Los Alamos to perfect the nuclear energy, physicists, chemists, metallurgists, explosive experts and military personnel. Humongous laboratories were hurriedly built in order for work to be started right away. Everybody questioned if they would be able to actually harness the power of nuclear energy, if it was actually attainable. They were worrying if the energy would be controllable or if it could be thermally stable. Many scientists feared of the ignition of the atmosphere, thus ending the world or would they be able to attain this powerful weapon before the Nazis. It took two years of hard labor by scientists to come up with an actual test bomb, the gadget. They experimented highly with different metals and explosives to find the best equation of materials for a stable product. The crew worked relentlessly day and night for six days a week trying to win the nuclear energy race. The core of â€Å"The Gadget† was assembled at the McDonald Ranch farmhouse and completed on July 12th 1945. Two days later it arrived at the testing site where it was completely assembled in a tent right at the base of the tower. Later that day it was hoisted up the 100-foot tower without the detonators installed. That next day the detonators were installed on The Gadget and last minute checks being performed to make the test run smoothly. On July 16th 1945 5:29 A. M. the first nuclear explosion in history was created at the Trinity Site Zero, the Alamogordo Test Range. The detonation proved successful creating a massive fireball that lit up the land brighter than the sun. This was the beginning of the Atomic age. The news spread to President Truman and eventually Joseph Stalin. This humongous breakthrough reverberated within the scientific community as well. â€Å"The scientists have a very strong feeling of responsibility to society regarding the use of the new powers they have released. † (â€Å"The Manhattan Project† pg. 287) The creators of this new power believed it was necessary to win the war even when Germany was growing weaker. The great news was then followed by what bombs they were going to detonate over Japan. No more than three weeks later the U. S. would be dropping these powerful explosives on the cities Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The â€Å"Little boy† was constructed to where all of its power would be from the nuclear fission of uranium 235. It was detonated over the city of Hiroshima on August 6th 1945 by a B-29 Enola Gay. The explosive energy that came from it was between 13 and 18 kilotons of TNT. The death toll was well over 100,000 people and even more by the end of the year. It was the first uranium-based detonation and a rare one because of the difficulty and time it took to get the amount of enriched uranium 235. This bombing on Japan was still not enough for them to surrender which ends up with another bombing doing more extensive damage. The Fat Man† was dropped on Nagasaki just a few days later on August 9th by a B-29 Bockscar. This bomb was created with a plutonium core, similar to that of The Gadget. The original target wasn’t always Nagasaki. It was supposed to be detonated over Kokura; however the clouds obscured the pilot’s view of the land. This made it inaccurate a nd risky because it was an expensive weapon that had to have ideal conditions. The blast of the Fat Man was far greater than its counterpart but it caused less deaths. It was detonated at an altitude of 1,650 feet and had the explosive power of 21 kilotons of TNT. It killed just fewer than 50,000 people in an instant and a further 25,000 injured. Japan had just endured two of the most powerful explosions on earth with over 200,000 people wiped out. On the 15th of August Emperor Hirohito surrendered to the U. S. via radio broadcast. The surrender ceremony was held on board the U. S. battleship Missouri on the 2nd of September in which Japanese officials signed the Japanese Instrument of Surrender thus ending the war. The Manhattan Project was extremely expensive, costing the government around $20 billion (est. today $307 billion). Oak Ridge was the costliest expense topping out at $1,188,352,000 ($13,565,662,000 today). The total cost of World War II was an unbelievable $3. 3 trillion! It was the most ever spent on a war in all of U. S. history. Ever since the days when the U. S. dropped atomic bombs on Japan these actions have been involved in major controversy. Many people saying over the years that it’s an act of terrorism and was not necessary to end World War II. There have been countless amounts of debates between scholars and historians about whether Japan would have surrendered with the bombs or not. I would have to disagree with it being wrong. Japan harmed our country with the bombing of Pearl Harbor and was sided with Nazi Germany the most feared country in the world. If the U. S. had not gone ahead with dropping the â€Å"Little boy† and the â€Å"Fat Man Japan may have never surrendered to us. If they could withstand one atomic bomb explosion and not back down what really could the U. S. have done? It took force to make them stop; no fancy treaty was going to lead Hirohito to sign it. They wanted power just like the rest of the Axis powers. The U. S. needed to end the war and needed to test out their creation. They worked magnificently but were disregarded as very dangerous and never again to be used in warfare. It was experimentation, if we hadn’t created it first then Germany would most likely have. Today would be much different if Nazi Germany had gotten a hold of the powerful weapon and used it against us. Hitler was the kind of guy who wouldn’t hesitate on that kind of decision. We were overseas plenty far away for him not to be affected by it. This technology had to be developed in order to win the war. The Manhattan Project completed its mission and saved the whole world from a potential dictatorship. The Second World War was a victory for the Allies because of The Manhattan Project. The smartest minds in science and mathematics came together to come up with a formula to harness the energy in atoms by splitting them. This discovery changed the course of history and has led to very messy and very proud situations. This was the first war to include nuclear warfare and so far it is still the only one. People are afraid of this technology because it can decimate entire cities and kill thousands of people at once in an instant. It is something that needs to be used strategically and as a last resort. The bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were unfortunately needed to force Japan to surrender to the Allies but it most likely saved the planet from a much different and worse future. These bombings were justified. It may not be supported by many others but who really knows what the outcome could have been. I would take my chances and have the war end as quickly as possible considering the rate at which Germany was taking control of the battlefield. Military officials, Scientists and other creators of the new weapon within the project believed that the bombs were meant for Japan.